I have often had to explain during forensic evaluations that while a patients improved functioning after an off-label intervention might appear favorable, it does not necessarily indicate that the treatment itself is addressing the neurobiological substrates of ADHD
Other FDA-approved drugs, including donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine, have demonstrated cognitive benefits but are frequently associated with gastrointestinal disturbances, dizziness, agitation, and, in some cases, severe hepatotoxicity, as observed with tacrine (Marucci et al., 2021
Systemic vs
During the acute phase of inflammation, butyrate inhibits HDAC, limiting the recruitment of neutrophils, reducing neutrophil-derived expression of Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), CCL4, and IL-8, reducing neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and limiting the inflammatory response