Finally, results of the fecal polymicrobial culture studies indicate that the marked increased generation of TMA (and TMAO) from oral l-carnitine in omnivores versus vegans/vegetarians appears to be due to significantly (up to 10-fold) greater gut microbial conversion of BB to TMA in omnivores relative to vegans/vegetarians (i.e., chronic exposure to l-carnitine in an omnivorous diet is associated with an increase in microbial capacity to catalyze the transformation of BB to TMA
Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit, H 2 DCFDA (H 2 -DCF, DCF), C11-BODIPY (581/591), MitoSOX Red Mitochondrial Superoxide Indicator, MitoTracker Red CMXRos, and Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium (High glucose, no glutamine, no methionine, no Cys 2 ) were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA)
and EU, it is not approved and considered unregulated
For insights in glycolytic metabolism, basal acidification (ECAR initial ), glycolytic reserve (ECAR oligo - ECAR initial ), and compensatory glycolysis (ECAR rot/AA - ECAR initial ) were determined