The peptide's stability profile allows for both oral and parenteral administration, with documented biological activity through multiple delivery routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and oral administration
GLP-1R is expressed in the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius, in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, in the vagus nerve, in the stomach, and in the heart
The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to assess the certainty of the evidence for the two primary biochemical outcomesserum vitamin B12 concentration increase and homocysteine reductionacross all included studies, and separately for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies
The type of syringe used will differ from other types of injection