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The intact GHK-Cu complex is destroyed by ascorbic acid at low pH through Cu2+ reduction

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Oxidants include (but are not limited to) the following: Reactive Oxygen Species: O 2 Superoxide (can be reduced by vitamin E, beta carotene, glutathione, vitamin C) O 2 Singlet Oxygen* (can be reduced by beta carotene and glutathione) OH Hydroxyl Radical* (can be reduced by glutathione, vitamin C) OR Alkoxy radical (can be reduced by vitamin E, beta carotene, glutathione) OOH Hydrogen Peroxyl Radical (can be reduced by vitamin E, glutathione, vitamin C) OOR Alkyl peroxide* (can be reduced by beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E) *Free radicals not able to be quenched by superoxide dismutase or catalase (or similar) enzymes Other Oxidizing Agents: HOX Hypohalous acids (X=chloride, bromine, iodide) (can be reduced by glutathione) Z-AMINE Z=either chlorinated (Cl) or ammoniated (NH) amine containing compounds (can be reduced by glutathione) NO* Nitric Oxide (can be reduced by glutathione) NH 3 Ammonia (can be reduced by glutathione) Cyclooxygenase (can be inhibited by vitamin E, glutathione) Phospholipase A 2 (can be inhibited by vitamin E) Phospholipase C (can be inhibited by niacin) All of the above antioxidants are naturally occurring and are found in virtually all mammalian cells