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Employing preclinical, ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro model systems investigators determined that GLP-1 agonists exert anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects through their effects on macrophages (reduced interleukin [IL] 1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL]), T and B lymphocytes (reduced cluster of differentiation [CD] 4 cells), monocytes (increased IL-10), mononuclear cells (decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]1, cell death protein [PD],, CD4 and CD8 T cells) [51,52,53,54,55]
A key difference may be the timing of muscle sampling as it is unclear when dissection of the mice was performed relative to the last BA dose ( Muscle carnosine loading is most pronounced during the initial weeks of supplementation, after which increases in muscle carnosine content appear to slow
The goal is restoration of function, not just symptom suppression
Combining a GLP-1 with sertraline does not replace mental-health care
