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Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms

BPC 157 for Healing: Tissue Repair and Recovery Benefits Research demonstrates BPC-157s capacity to accelerate healing across multiple tissue types

After initial correction, some individuals may require ongoing maintenance injections (often monthly) if they cannot adequately absorb B12 from diet or oral supplements

SC administration of BPC-157 at sites distal to the injury has been shown to produce systemic effects, though local administration near the target tissue may enhance regional bioavailability