tirzepatide review article PDF) and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Narrative of Mechanisms, Efficacy and Implications for Heart Failure Management Tirzepatide Beyond Diabetes and Obesity:

Functional studies revealed that activation of GLP-1R in the PVN reduces food intake (Larsen et al., 1997

This would be in line with preclinical observations that incretin receptor expression is down-regulated by exposure to high glucose, and improves once normoglycaemia is restored (48), and that dys-regulation of glycaemic control in otherwise healthy humans leads to impaired incretin actions (49)

As of 2025, retatrutide has not received MHRA or EMA approval and is not available via NHS prescription or licensed private clinics in the UK

Early data shows comparable or slightly better blood sugar control, but it needs full Phase 3 trial data and regulatory approval before it can be prescribed for diabetes