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Phosphorylation of ACC1 at three serine residues (S79, S1200, and S1215) by AMPK leads to inhibition of the enzyme

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FIGURE 4 The expression of both HGF and MET receptor mRNA is strongly increased in response to cerebral ischemic injury ( Hepatocyte growth factor anti-apoptotic effects are mediated by the PI-3K/AKT pathway in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro in an ERK-independent manner ( in vivo , HGF inhibits apoptosis via transient activation of ERK ( Interestingly, HGF also reduces a caspase-independent ischemic neuronal cell death by preventing apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation downstream of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1) and p53 ( Oxidative DNA stress occurring after cerebral ischemia is associated with a decrease in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) expression ( A crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy exists, and the interaction of anti-apoptotic regulators such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl suppresses the autophagy promoter Beclin-1 activity, resulting in autophagy inhibition ( Among the neurotoxic mechanisms leading to neuronal death, a prominent role is played by the excessive stimulation of NMDA glutamatergic receptor and increased Ca 2+ influx

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